<p>The Wyoming Army National Guard Cavalry Stable in Newcastle, Wyoming was built between 1933 and 1936 for the Wyoming National Guard&#39;s horses. It is the last National Guard cavalry stable in Wyoming. It has been used as the Anna Miller Museum by the Weston County Historical Society since 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Anna Miller Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Anna Miller Museums is a museum of local history, with exhibits about the area&#39;s pioneers, Native Americans and prehistoric history.</p><br>
<h2>Stable history</h2><br>
<p>Funding for the stables was provided by the Depression-era Civil Works Administration and Works Progress Administration. The Newcastle National Guard unit was formed in 1899 as Company A, Second Regiment, Wyoming National Guard, becoming Company A of the Third Wyoming Infantry Regiment in 1905. In 1921 the Third Infantry Regiment was reorganized as the First Cavalry, finally becoming in 1942 Troop F, 115th Horse Mechanized Cavalry. Similar units with similar facilities existed in Sheridan, Douglas, Casper and Torrington.</p><br>
<p>The original plans for the stables included a 190 ft by 75 ft riding hall adjacent to the stables, using the same materials. Footings were started, but due to the onset of World War II the hall was never completed. Stone intended for the hall was appropriated for other local construction projects. Of the Wyoming units, only Torrington had a completed riding hall.</p><br>
<p>The one story building measures 31.5 ft wide by 168 ft long, with a rock-faced sandstone exterior. The walls are solid stone 18 in thick, with the stone obtained from a quarry on Salt Creek. Stonework was by the Sundstrom Brothers, who also worked on the Weston County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The building was built with stables and a caretaker&#39;s residence within. Much of the interior has an open ceiling with the roof structure visible above. The roof structure is heavy timber trusses on 10 ft centers.</p><br>
<p>The Wyoming Army National Guard Cavalry Stable was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Parting of the Ways is an historic site in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States, where the Oregon and California Trails fork from the original route to Fort Bridger to an alternative route, the Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff, across the Little Colorado Desert. Many wagon trains parted company, some preferring the shorter cutoff route, which involved fifty waterless miles, to the longer but better-watered main route.</p><br>
<p>The junction is marked by a small sandstone boulder about 15 in high, placed by L.C. Bishop and Paul Henderson and inscribed with a left-pointing arrow with "F. Bridger" and aright-pointing arrow with "S. Cut Off." The route was not established by Sublette, but rather a mountain man named Greenwood. The error in attribution arose when Joseph E. Wares Emigrants Guide to California (1849) listed the alternate path as the "Sublette Cutoff."</p><br>
<p>The UXU Ranch is a historic dude ranch in Shoshone National Forest near Wapiti, Wyoming. The ranch began as a sawmill, as early as 1898. In 1929 Bronson Case "Bob" Rumsey obtained a permit from the USA Forest Service to operate a dude ranch on the property, using the sawmill headquarters building, a lodge, and tent cabins. Most of the current structures were built in the 1920s and 1930s from lumber milled on the site.</p><br>
<p>Initial accommodations were tent cabins, with permanent cabins built in the 1930s from local lumber sawn on site. For much of the ranchs history the only access to the lodge and cabins from the road was across a footbridge. A camelback truss bridge was relocated to the site in 1969 to provide vehicular access. The ranch has changed hands a number of times since the Bronsons tenure, but remains one of the most authentic examples of a working dude ranch in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The main lodge dates to the late 1920s. The irregular one story log building stands on a concrete and stone foundation. The lodge borrows details from the Old Faithful Inn for the entrance porch and deck. The interior features peeled log finishes. Guest cabins are typically log cabins on stone foundations. Other buildings from the period of significance include an outhouse and a root cellar.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The TA Ranch was the site of the principal events of the Johnson County Range War in 1892. The TA was established in 1882 as one of the first ranches in Johnson County, Wyoming. The TA is the only intact site associated with the range war, with trenches used by both sides still visible and scars on the nearby buildings. The ranch also documents the expansion and development of cattle ranching in Wyoming.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ranch is located near the North Branch of Crazy Woman Creek south of Buffalo, Wyoming, with the Big Horn Mountains to the west. The property is significant for its role as the scene of a three-day siege in the Johnson County Range War, and as an example of an intact ranching operation.</p><br>
<p>Significant buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Barn: A log-and-frame building built in 1882 and expanded in 1904. The barn was originally 60 ft by 40 ft, expanded to 75 ft by 60 ft in 1904. The barn was the chief venue in the 1892 shootout and preserves gunports cut in the upper north and south walls during the battle.</p><br>
<p>Ranch House: Also built in 1892, the one story log ranch house features logs sawn with a circular saw and nailed into vertical corner logs. Even interior partitions are log. The major rooms have outside doors on the south side, for a total of five doors, a result of the unusual plan with no internal hallway. Rooms have 9 ft ceilings, and the living room and western bedroom have tongue and groove wainscoting. A partial basement excavated in 1910 houses a boiler. The house was also involved in the gunfight and retains bullet scars.</p><br>
<p>Root Cellar: A large 25 ft by 35 ft root cellar was built in 1882.</p><br>
<p>Cook House: The L-shaped log cookhouse was built in 1904 in two phases.</p><br>
<p>Milk Barn: The log milk barn was built in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Meat House:The 16 ft by 16 ft meat house was also built in 1915 of logs.</p><br>
<p>Hog House:The 1915 log hog house was divided between hog pens and a room for processing and cutting pork and hides.</p><br>
<p>Cattle Shed: The open-faced cattle shed was built in 1915 with board and batten walls and a corrugated metal roof.</p><br>
<p>Other contributing structures include a granary, a garage, outhouses and a hen house.</p><br>
<p>Of particular note are the bunkers or breastworks built during the 1892 siege. The cattlemen&#39;s hired guns dug trenches on an elevated location to the west of the barn that commanded a view of the surrounding country. The local ranchers, homesteaders and townspeople who surrounded them built their own breastworks around the ranch. At least ten breastworks were built and three remain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ranch was established in 1882 by Dr. William Harris of Laramie, who had purchased the brand and herd of Tom Alsop, also of Laramie. Harris moved the herd to Johnson County to set up the TA Ranch, remaining in Laramie to continue his medical practice, with Charles Ford as ranch manager. As such, Harris was an absentee landowner and was politically aligned with the larger cattle barons. In 1892 a party of hired guns paid by the Wyoming Stockmen&#39;s Association embarked on a raid to hunt down "rustlers" who were supposedly stealing cattle from the stockmen. However, the mercenary company was resented by the smaller landowners prevalent in northern Wyoming and were confronted by a large group of local settlers and cowboys. The gunmen (frequently referred to as "invaders") retreated to the TA Ranch, which they proceeded to fortify. Soon, about fifty invaders were surrounded by almost four hundred locals. The invaders were rescued by USA Cavalry from Fort McKinney on the third day of the siege.</p><br>
<p>Harris traded the ranch to J.P. Gammon for another property in 1904, and Gammon used the TA to raise Percheron draft horses. In the 1920s Gammon started to raise Hereford cattle and expanded the ranch to raise hogs. The ranch changed hands to the Long Brothers in 1979, followed by several other changes of ownership.</p><br>
<p>The ranch is now operated as a guest ranch and conference center.</p><br>
<p>The Northern River Street Historic District is located along River Street  north of Federal Street, one block east of the Green Island Bridge, in Troy, New York, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, as the Northern River Street District, to distinguish it from Troy&#39;s previously existing River Street Historic District, which had been one of five superseded by the Central Troy Historic District to the south two years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Its two acres (8,000 m²) include 13 brick industrial and commercial buildings erected from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. They were cut off from the rest of downtown due to the construction of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, and as a result became a production center for the citys major industries, primarily textiles. When those industries declined in the mid-20th century, they were further isolated from the citys center by expansion of Federal Street to provide access to the bridge, and various urban renewal efforts. As a result they have not seen much redevelopment and remain mostly intact.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is defined by building addresses: 403-429 River Street on the west side, and 420-430 River Street on the east. The resulting district is irregularly shaped, taking in all of the west side between Federal and Jacob streets but only the northern half on the east side.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The west side is dominated by 409-415 River Street, a four-story six-bay former warehouse that dates to the 1840s, making it the oldest building in the district. The brownstone pilasters on the storefronts attest to the lingering influence of Greek Revival architecture at the time it was built. Nest door, 417-419 River Street is as tall but only three bays wide, built a decade later with similar design. Next to it is 421-423 River Street, the 1885 Cleminshaw Building of the H.C. Curtis Collar Co. At six bays and five stories, it is the largest building in the district. It boasts an ornate pressed metal cornice with a pediment reading "1868 REBUILT 1884".</p><br>
<p>At the north end of this row is 425 River Street, a narrower 1892 five-story building showing later influences, with a corbeled brick cornice and molded pediment. The top floor windows are arched; a brick pilaster comes up from beneath to create a rounded arcade. A decorative brick course as well as molded string runs around the building. To its north are two smaller buildings, dating to around 1910, the newest buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the large warehouses are smaller buildings. At 403 River Street is a three-story building dating to the same period as the warehouses, but 405-407, originally built as the Gaiety Theatre in 1888 and rebuilt with Dutch Colonial Revival stepped gables after a fire twenty years later.</p><br>
<p>The west side is dominated by three large three-story brick warehouses all built around 1885. To their north, at 428-430 River Street, is a two-story brick building from ten years later.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood was isolated from downtown by the construction of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad in the 1830s, which ran into Troy on a route paralleling Federal Street from a now-demolished bridge. This, and the river&#39;s nearby water power, made it a more desirable location for the commercial detachable-collar factories and warehouses that were opening up as what had been a local cottage industry became the mainstay of the local economy and the product that gave the city an enduring nickname.</p><br>
<p>Space in the area was limited, and later expansions and additions to the industry found even better facilities available in the city&#39;s long northern extension. The railroad tracks were eventually removed when that industry declined along with the collar factories in the 20th century, but the road was expanded to include their right of way. Some of the properties were expanded for different purposes in the 1950s. Local urban renewal efforts in the next two decades also further isolated the area from downtown, but left the remaining River Street buildings intact, preserving them as a transitional block between commercial Troy to the south and industrial Troy to the north.</p><br>
<p>Today it is not only on the Register, but included as part of the city&#39;s Riverfront Historic District. Special zoning ordinances are in place to protect its historic character. It has been redeveloped with small retail outlets and restaurants, such as the River Street Café, upstairs in 429 River Street overlooking the river.</p><br>
<p>St. Clairsville Public Library is located in at 108 W Main St. Clairsville, Belmont County, Ohio 43950.</p><br>
<h2>Programs</h2><br>
<p>The Library offers a variety of free programs for patrons including a summer reading program, children&#39;s story time, teen advisory board, teen game day, family movie nights, book discussions, and basic computer classes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The St. Clairsville Public Library was organized in 1938 through the efforts of many citizens and the St. Clairsville Rotary Club.</p><br>
<p>The Library had various addresses until 1955, when the Second National Bank Building was purchased and renovated as a permanent home. Dr. Bertha Hunt Schaffer made a bequest in honor of her parents, Dr. and Mrs. William Hunt, for the purchase of a building to house the Library, and on January 8, 1955, the Library dedicated the "Hunt Memorial Library Building".</p><br>
<p>Since that time there have been two additions to the building. Wilbert Allen generously contributed to combine with The Hunt Fund to make an addition in 1963; and in 1985, LSCA funds were secured to add to community donations, funds from the Wilbert Allen estate, and the Hunt Fund for another addition.</p><br>
<p>The Library is housed on two levels, with a multi-purpose room and offices in a third lower level. It is located on Main Street, across from the.</p><br>
<h2>2011 Statistics</h2><br>
<p>Holdings</p><br>
<p>Library Usage</p><br>
<p>Loan Periods & Late Fees / Fines for Materials</p><br>
<p>If a hold has been placed on an item it cannot be renewed.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church and Lewis Pintard House is a pair of adjacent historic buildings in downtown New Rochelle, New York, United States. The church and its adjoining manse, the Pintard House, are on a 3 acre lot. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church had its origins as the French Church formed by New Rochelle&#39;s early Huguenot settlers. The church is a Colonial revival structure with granite quoins, designed by John Russell Pope, architect of the Jefferson Memorial. Completed in 1929, it replaced the congregation’s first church, which had been destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the church building is the Pintard House, one of New Rochelle’s oldest remaining houses. It was constructed in part by Alexander Allaire sometime before 1710. In 1765 it became the home of a prominent New York City merchant named Pierre Vallade who came to New Rochelle on his retirement. After Vallade died in 1770, his widow married Lewis Pintard, whose name came to be associated with the house. Pintard was a local merchant and Revolutionary War patriot who was appointed by the Continental Congress to provide assistance to American prisoners held in the City of New York during British control. The Pintard House was moved to its current location in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The Yellowstone Main Post Office in Yellowstone National Park was built in Mammoth Hot Springs as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department. The post office in Yellowstone was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century. The Yellowstone facility is an understated classical structure with a low hipped roof and rounded dormers that uses a plan and a basic design vocabulary similar to that used in other post offices in the program. It is somewhat at odds with the prevailing design theme expressed in other buildings in the former Fort Yellowstone district.</p><br>
<p>The Colne Brook is a river in England that is a distributary of the River Colne which runs from Uxbridge Moor, there forming the western border of Greater London, to the River Thames just below Bell Weir Lock in Hythe End, Wraysbury, Berkshire.</p><br>
<h2>Detailed Course</h2><br>
<p>On leaving the Colne at Uxbridge Moor in the Colne Valley regional park, the Colne Brook flows close by to the west until West Drayton then passes under the M25 motorway at the M4 "Thorney interchange", enters Berkshire and flows through the village of Colnbrook. South of Colnbrook it receives a proportion of water from the Poyle Channel — after which the remainder of the Poyle Channel becomes the Wraysbury River — then the Brook runs between Horton&#39;s centre and another residential part of Horton on Coppermill Road adjoining Wraysbury Reservoir. Colne Brook then enters the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, passes Wraysbury railway station then adjoins lakes made of former gravel pit at Wraysbury which make up a Site of Special Scientific Interest, before running into the River Thames between the M25 Runnymede Bridge and nearby Bell Weir Lock.</p><br>
<p>Pondfield Cove is a small, secluded, south-facing cove immediately to the east of Worbarrow Tout and west of Gad Cliff on the south coast of the Isle of Purbeck, in Dorset, England.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pondfield Cove is located about six kilometres south of Wareham und about 16 kilometres west of Swanage. The cove is only accessible when the Lulworth Ranges are open to the public. It can be reached either by a 1.4 km walk down an easy track alongside Tyneham Gwyle, from the car park alongside the ghost village of Tyneham, or alternatively via the South West Coast Path.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geology of the Isle of Purbeck is very complex and this is shown very clearly along this stretch of coast. The extreme angular layers of rock visibly demonstrate the complex sedimentary folding that affected this area some 30 million years ago. The foldings were caused by the tectonic pressures as the African and European continents collided.</p><br>
<p>During this period, the sediments were twisted horizontally, this is why the younger Cretaceous formations, between 85 and 145 million years old, are found to the rear of Worbarrow Bay. Pondfield Cove lies entirely within the Portland limestones, 150 million, and Purbeck Beds, 147 million years old. The sequence of Purbeck limestones and shales is clearly visible within the low neck of land between Worbarrow Tout and the mainland. This cliff face separates the cove from Worbarrow Bay to the north.</p><br>
<p>Marcy Dam is a wooden dam on the Marcy Brook in the Adirondack High Peaks in North Elba, New York, United States; it impounds Marcy Dam Pond. An early version of the dam was constructed by the Conservation Corps during the 1930s. It was rebuilt most recently during the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Marcy Dam can be reached only by hiking; it lies 2.1 mi from the Adirondack Loj at an elevation of 2,362 ft surrounded by Whales Tail Mountain, Wright Peak, Algonquin Peak, Avalanche Mountain, Mount Colden, TR Mountain, and Phelps Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The dam is a popular camping spot for hikers in the high peaks. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation maintains an Interior Outpost on the western shore. There are a number of campsites and lean-tos in the area, and trails lead from the dam to most of the high peaks; Mount Marcy is 3.5 mi to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>During Hurricane Irene, the dam was damaged due to flooding and the pond was partially drained. The trail that went over the dam has been rerouted downstream.</p><br>
<p>In January 2014, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation announced that Marcy Dam would be removed. NYSDEC explained that the "dam no longer holds back water during low flow periods and has an inadequate spillway." The department added that contemporary standards for this structure would make reconstruction expensive. Finally, NYSDEC noted that "the principles of wilderness management include allowing rivers and streams to flow unfettered and to minimize human-made structures."</p><br>
<p>The Don S. S. Goodloe House, a 1915–16 Colonial Revival style building veneered with brick, is significant for its association with Don Speed Smith Goodloe, the first principal of the Maryland Normal and Industrial School. The school, now Bowie State University, was Marylands first postsecondary school for African Americans. As principal of the school from its opening in 1911 until 1921, Goodloe directed and managed this public institution through its formative years, a period characterized by the states unwillingness to provide adequate funding for the housing and training of the students, while two white normal schools under the state were well funded.</p><br>
<p>Forced to provide his own housing, Goodloe had this large and commodious house built to accommodate not only his family, but also students for which he received additional income from the state. The house was designed by John A. Moore, an African American architect from Washington, D.C. Goodloe occupied the house until his death in 1959. It remained in the possession of Goodloes heirs until 1990. The Goodloe house is the only building from the colleges early period still standing. It is currently named the Goodloe Alumnihouse at Bowie State University.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Troy, New York, United States, is located at 400 Broadway, on the corners of Fourth  and William Streets, the tenth location it has occupied in the citys history. It serves the ZIP Codes 12179 through 12182, which cover different sections of the city. In 1989 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and it is also a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District, which covers much of the citys downtown commercial area.</p><br>
<p>It was built during the Great Depression as part of a massive statewide public works initiative to stimulate the economy and provide jobs. Louis Simon, supervising architect for the Treasury Department, used a stripped-down Classical Revival style for the post office, which replaced a much-beloved older one. Painter Waldo Peirce added two murals to the buildings lobby in 1938, making Troys one of only three post offices in the USA with his artwork.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The post office is a two-story, 7-by-10-bay steel frame building on granite foundation. Its two main facades (Broadway and Fourth) frame their entrances with engaged two-story pilasters on molded bases and capitals. At the top of the pilasters is a simple frieze. At the end bays the frieze is decorated with abstract stars and stripes with winged shields at the corners, where the stone surface beneath them changes from ashlar to rusticated. The Broadway frieze has the words "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE", reflecting the main entrance located underneath it.</p><br>
<p>That main entrance is reached by a set of granite steps. It is surrounded by limestone and flanked by original wrought iron lamps and lampposts. The windows to the sides are trimmed in decorative limestone as well, their bays recessed like the main entrance and the central eight bays of the Fourth Street side. A secondary entrance, similar to the main entrance but with less decoration, is located two bays north of Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The north and east (William Street) facades are faced in buff-colored brick laid in common bond, with limestone coping. To the north the building projects one bay from the main section; this ell includes the loading dock facilities. A brick chimney rises from the northeastern corner.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside, two connected lobbies parallel the main facades. An original glazed aluminum vestibule on the main entrance, and a small marble lobby on the secondary, give way to a terrazzo floor, dark green marble base and veined white marble dado. The plaster walls are divided into four recessed bays flanked by marble pilasters, rising to a ceiling cornice with classical detailing. While the furniture in the lobbies is newer, most of the teller windows and the iron grillework above them, and some of the post office boxes, are original.</p><br>
<p>At either end of the lobby is a mural by Waldo Peirce, both with regional themes. The eastern one depicts Rip Van Winkle and the west one is called Legends of the Hudson. Peirce did very few public commissions, and only two other USA post offices (in Westbrook, Maine and Peabody, Massachusetts) have murals by him.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Troys first post office was established in 1796, within a decade of the citys founding, in a local law office on First Street. Over the next century it was housed in seven other downtown locations, the last two being for long periods, in the Atheneum Building on First Street (1846-1882) and the Masonic Temple on Third (1882-1894). When Congress authorized the construction of the city&#39;s first federal building in 1886, the post office was among the agencies slated for space in the new building.</p><br>
<p>The land for the new federal building cost the government $99,982 and then an additional $323,000 in 2008 dollars to build starting in 1890. It was opened in 1894; the granite Romanesque Revival-style buildings clock tower became one of the citys most enduring landmarks, dominating the downtown skyline.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, as the Great Depression was beginning, an amendment to the Public Buildings Act of 1926 authorized 136 separate postal construction projects to relieve growing unemployment. Troy&#39;s was one, but the Treasury Department, under whose umbrella the Post Office came at the time, was unable to begin the project for a few years, and it had to be reauthorized in 1934.</p><br>
<p>The plans called for the old building to be demolished; and once the newer design, by Treasury Department Supervising Architect Louis Simon, was made public there was outrage from some citizens that the popular older building was to be torn down only 40 years after it had been built. But it was insufficient to stop the project, and after $154,000 was spent to acquire the additional land the new building would need, the post office moved to the Hannibal Green Building across the street in 1934 for the two years it would take to build its new home. Stone from the old building can still be found in other parts of the city and its vicinity, used as retaining wall, fence posts and in one case, a gravestone.</p><br>
<p>Peirce painted his murals in 1938, two years after the new building opened. There have been few significant changes since then. In more recent years, an interior fire escape was added to the northwest corner, and one of the original teller bays was converted into a self-service section. The original customer tables in the lobby, and the front doors themselves, have also been replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>At the time the Troy post office was built, the Treasury Department preferred the Colonial Revival style for buildings in small towns and Classical Revival for those in cities. Simon generally worked on the former and left the latter to contracted architects, with Troy&#39;s being one of the few exceptions to that principle. His building shows the influence of other styles as well.</p><br>
<p>Classical Revival is the dominant mode, particular echoing early 19th-century Greek Revival public buildings in its rectangular plan. The influence of contemporary modernist approaches, particularly Art Deco, can be seen in the stylized, streamlined ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>Bellefields is a manor house located in Croom, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland. It was constructed about 1720. It is a brick structure in Flemish bond with random glazed headers, and two stories over a high basement. The structure is rectangular, with gabled roof sections, paired interior end chimneys, a front center entrance, wide raised belt course above the first floor, flat arched openings, and flanking symmetrical single-story wings. It is in the Georgian style. It was the home of Patrick Sim, Scottish immigrant and of his son, Col. Joseph Sim, Maryland patriot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Later, sometime after 1849, William Duckett Bowie lived there with his second wife.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>William Williams (c. 1793-1814), born on the Bellefields Plantation and as an escaped slave enlisted in 38th USA Infantry Regiment, USA Army dying from his wounds after the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church of Fairport is a historic Baptist church located at 94 South Main Street at Church Street in Fairport, Monroe County, New York. It was built in 1876, and is a 2 1/2-story, cruciform plan, High Victorian Gothic church. It is constructed of brick and rests on a Medina sandstone foundation. It has a large square corner tower topped by a tall narrow spire. It features ornamental stone trim, a steeply pitched gray slate roof, and 72 original stained, leaded glass windows.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and In 2006 a national drugstore tried to buy the land but, in response to adverse local reactions including a concert held by local youth musicians, money was raised to help repair the church instead.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Snow Hill is a manor house located south of Laurel, Maryland, off Maryland Route 197, in Prince George&#39;s County. Built between 1799 and 1801, the 1 1/2-story brick house is rectangular, with a gambrel roof, interior end chimneys, and shed dormers. It has a center entrance with transom and a small gabled porch. A central hall plan was used, with an elaborate interior and corner cupboards. The original south wing was removed and rebuilt, and the home restored in 1940. The Late Georgian style house was the home of Samuel Snowden, part owner of extensive family ironworks, inherited from his father Richard Snowden. and is now owned and operated by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission as a rental facility.</p><br>
<p>Snow Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>St. Ignatius Church is a Roman Catholic parish church of the Archdiocese of Washington located at 2317 Brinkley Rd., Oxon Hill, in Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland. The historic church structure was constructed between 1890 and 1891. The -story structure is wood frame, with clapboarding, and shingling in imbricated pattern. It is rectangular in form with a gabled roof, 80 ft projecting front belfry with spire and louvered openings, round arched openings, and modified corner buttresses. The architectural style is considered Eclectic, with elements of the Shingle and Queen Anne styles. It is the second church on site and has served as a mission and parish church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The George Washington House, or Indian Queen Tavern, is located at Baltimore Ave., at Upshur St., in Bladensburg, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland. It was constructed in the 1760s. The -story structure is constructed of brick Flemish bond on ends. The plan is rectangular, with a gabled roof, exterior end chimneys, gabled shingled dormers. There are first and second-story center entrances, each with a transom. There is a full-width one-story porch with balustraded deck and side entrances. The structure includes a later two-story rear addition. The structure is Georgian.</p><br>
<p>It represents the last remnant of a social and commercial complex established in the 1760s by Jacob Wirt, whose son William Wirt later became USA Attorney General and an 1832 presidential candidate. The Indian Queen Tavern gained its reputation as the "George Washington House" through an assumption that "George Washington slept here." Research in primary sources has shown that the extant structure was never a tavern during Washingtons lifetime, although it is possible that he stayed in the frame Indian Queen Tavern formerly located next to the present structure. The brick tavern began to be known as the "George Washington House" before 1878 when it was being used as a hotel. The structure also housed Jacob Coxeys "army" of unemployed during an 1894 march on Washington, D.C. to demand relief. It now serves as headquarters for the Anacostia Watershed Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cramer, at 10,716 ft is the second highest peak in the Sawtooth Range of Idaho. The summit of Mount Cramer is located on the border of Custer and Boise Counties. The peak is the highest point in Boise County. Mount Cramer is also located within the Sawtooth Wilderness portion of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The town of Stanley, Idaho is almost 14 mi from Mount Cramer, while the area known as Sawtooth City is nearly 12 mi from Mount Cramer. The west side of Mount Cramer drains into the South Fork of the Payette River, while the east side drains to the Salmon River.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cramer can be climbed in one day via the Hell Roaring Lake Trailhead, which is located 5 mi down unmaintained Sawtooth National Forest road 398, west of Idaho Route 75. The last section of the 16 mi hike and class 3 scramble is off-trail.</p><br>
<p>Mount Heyburn, at 10,229 ft is one of the many 10,000 ft peaks in the Sawtooth Range of central Idaho. Mount Heyburn is located in Custer County and within the Sawtooth Wilderness portion of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The town of Stanley is located 8 mi north-northeast of Mount Heyburn. Grand Mogul, 9,733 ft, and Mount Heyburn are the two signature peaks that frame the southwest end of Redfish Lake ; all are in the Salmon River watershed.</p><br>
<p>Redfish Lake and Little Redfish Lake and the visitor services at these locations are only a few miles north of Mount Heyburn. While there are no trails to the top of Mount Heyburn, there are trails around both sides of Redfish Lake, and a boat service that ferries hikers the 5 mi from Redfish Lake Lodge on the north end of the lake to the south end at regular intervals, for a round trip fee of $15. The drop-off point at the south end is a campground at the base of Mount Heyburn. The best time to climb Mount Heyburn is in the summer (July, August, or September); all routes to up Mount Heyburn are class 5.</p><br>
<p>Mount Heyburn was named for Weldon Heyburn, a USA Senator from Idaho from 1903 until his death in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson Lodge or Anderson Studio was built in 1890 in the Absaroka Mountains west of Meeteetse, Wyoming, in what was then the Yellowstone Park Timber Land Reserve, soon renamed the Yellowstone Forest Reserve. The two-story rustic log structure became the home of rancher and artist Abraham Archibald Anderson from 1901 to 1905. Anderson played a significant role in the development of the forest reserve as Special Superintendent of Forest Reserves, and the Anderson Lodge was used as an administrative building for the forest.</p><br>
<p>The National Register lists the site as a historic district, including the Anderson Lodge, a one-room log cabin, an outhouse, two log footbridges, a developed spring, and a pole corral. Its significance is related to its wilderness setting, its association with the beginning of a national conservation movement in the United States, and the early history of the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>The lodge location is now managed as part of Shoshone National Forest, in the Washakie Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The T E Ranch Headquarters, near Cody, Wyoming, is a log ranch house that belonged to buffalo hunter and entertainer Buffalo Bill Cody . The house may have originally been built by homesteader Bob Burns prior to 1895, when Cody acquired the ranch. Cody expanded the ranch to about eight thousand acres , using the T E brand for his thousand head of cattle.</p><br>
<p>The house faces the Shoshone River and is a little more than 60 ft long by about 20 ft wide. Short extensions exist on the southeast and northwest sides. With its broad, gently sloping roof, it is an archetypal ranch house. Two cupolas have been built on the roof to provide light and ventilation. The house has been renovated within without substantial loss of character. The grounds include indigenous plants that have been transplanted to the house&#39;s river-bottom surroundings, a place where they would not normally exist, but which are in keeping with the headquarters of a large ranch. An unusual feature is the collection of antlers and horns placed on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Codys TE Ranch was the center of his efforts to irrigate more than 100,000 acre of semi-arid land under the Carey Act of 1894. Codys manager was George T. Beck, who began what became known as the Shoshone Reclamation Project, which culminated in the construction of Buffalo Bill Dam. However, the project was beyond the scope of Codys finances, and he signed the water rights to the land back to the State of Wyoming in 1904. The TEs ranch lands bordered on the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve, established in 1891, which offered summer range grazing. Cody acquired neighboring properties, then cut back as financial troubles grew. At the time of Cody&#39;s death in 1917 the TE comprised about 4,000 acre and 500 head of cattle. By 1916 Cody was considering the use of the TE as a dude ranch, but died before carrying out his plan.</p><br>
<p>After Codys death the ranch passed to Philadelphian Stanley Groves. Groves continued the ranching operation but also used the TE as a family retreat, building cabins and a log octagonal library/game house. After Groves death in 1930 the property was sold to Paul Patton of Kansas City, an associate of Tom Pendergast who was forced to sell when Pendergast&#39;s political organization in Kansas City came under investigation. The next buyer was Robert W. Woodruff, then-president and later board chairman of the Coca Cola Company. The property passed from Woodruff in 1972 to another Coca Cola executive, Charles Duncan.</p><br>
<p>The Red Star Lodge and Sawmill, also known as the Shoshone Lodge, is a dude ranch in Shoshone National Forest near the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park. Built between 1924 and 1950, the ranch includes a rustic log lodge surrounded by cabins and support buildings. What is now called the Shoshone Lodge is the most intact example of a dude ranch operation in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Red Star Lodge occupies a 6.2 acre site leased from the USA Forest Service near US Highway 14-16-20, about 6 mi from the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park. The lodge was built by Henry Dahlem, the first sheriff of Park County, Wyoming, beginiing in 1924 and progressing by stages. The second quarter of the lodge was built in 1930, the third in 1935, and the final quarter in 1944. The lodge and other structures were built of D-shaped milled logs, produced on site at the Star Sawmill. Henry&#39;s son Harry took over management of the ranch in 1949 at a time when the Forest Service called the operation "Shoshone Lodge." Harry died in 1954, and his wife Betty managed the lodge with the help of their children Keith and Deborah. Keith Dahlem operates the nearby Sleeping Giant Ski Resort in the winter, while the Shoshone Lodge is open during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The irregularly shaped grand lodge is a two story log structure set on a stone foundation. The east half of the building is built of hand-peeled round logs, while the west portion uses D-shaped milled logs produced on site. The lodge&#39;s roof is very complex, a result of the many additions. The main lodge is surrounded by guest cabins, employee dormitories and service buildings.</p><br>
<p>Broke Inlet is an inlet in the South West region of Western Australia located 19 km west of Walpole.</p><br>
<p>The inlet is a large a shallow estuary found at the eastern end of the d&#39;Entrecasteaux National Park, it is linked to the Southern Ocean by a narrow seasonally open channel situated between two high sand dune systems.</p><br>
<p>The inlet is the only large estuary left in the South West that has not been significantly altered by development within its catchment area or along its shores.</p><br>
<p>The catchment of the inlet has an area of 928 km&sup2; and the inlet itself has a surface area of 4,800 hectare with a total volume of 72,000,000 m&sup3;.</p><br>
<p>The inlet receives an annual inflow of 187,000,000 m&sup3;, mostly from the Shannon River and discharges 157,000,000 m&sup3; annually.</p><br>
<p>The water in the inlet is brackish and mostly has half the salinity of sea water. The salinity varies greatly depending on river discharge, the season and whether the bar is open or not.</p><br>
<p>Broke Inlet is listed as a regionally significant wetland with Environment Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Magura Cave   is located in north-western Bulgaria close to the village of Rabisha, 25 km from the town of Belogradchik in Vidin Province.</p><br>
<p>The prehistoric wall paintings of Magura have great resemblance with those of the Grotta dei Cervi in Italy, which are of exceptional expression and artistic depth and are considered the most significant works of art of the European Post-Paleolithic era.</p><br>
<p>Guided visits are conducted by the staff of Belogradchik municipality, to which the management of the cave was transferred in 2012 by the Bulgarian Council of Ministers.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the site was induced into UNESCO&#39;s tentative list of World Heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The total length of the 15 million year old cave is 2.5 km. The average annual temperature of the cave is 12 &deg;C, except for one room where the temperature is always 15 &deg;C. The air humidity reaches 80% and the displacement - 56 m. The Magura cave was formed in the limestone Rabisha Hill (461 m above sea level). The morphology of the cave consists of one main gallery with six various-sized halls and three lateral galleries around it. The main gallery is composed of six chambers, variously sized; the largest one, the so-called Arc Hall, is 128 m long, 58 m wide and 21 m high, including impressive natural vaults, speleothems, spectacular stalactites and stalagmites, named The Poplar, The Pipe Organ, The Oriental City and The Cactus. The very spacious site also allows for music concerts to be held during Christmas and Easter.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Bones from different prehistoric species like cave bear, cave hyena, fox, wolf, wild cat and otter have been discovered in the Magura Cave. Today, constant inhabitants of the cave is the collembola, as well as four types of bats (greater and lesser horsehoe bat, greater mouse-eared bat and Schreiber&#39;s bat or also called Common bent-wing bat).</p><br>
<h2>Paintings</h2><br>
<p>Cave paintings dating from the Epipaleolithic, late Neolithic, Eneolithic and early Bronze Age decorate some of the cave&#39;s walls. The paintings have been estimated to be made between 10.000 and 8.000 years ago. The drawings represent important events of the society that had occupied the Magura cave: religious ceremonies, hunting scenes and depictions of deities which are unique on the Balkan peninsula. The Fertility Dance and the Hunting Ceremony rank among the most noteworthy paintings.</p><br>
<p>One grouping from the Bronze Age has been interpreted as a solar calendar. According to Alexey Stoev and Penka Vlaykova Stoeva Bronze Age "paintings of staggered black and white squares used to count the days in the calendar month permit to describe fairly accurately the number of days in the solar tropical year (Stoev and Muglova 1999). The cave paintings allowed storing information about regional solar calendar, customs, religious festivals, and rituals of the society the earliest such representation yet discovered in Europe."</p><br>
<p>Contemporary imitations of possible fertility rites are reported — inscriptions in Latin and paintings made by treasure-hunters. The medium used to create the art was bat guano. More than 750 images have been identified.</p><br>
<p>Painted signs can be organised into four thematic groups: anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, geometric, and symbolic (astronomic?) figures. For the first group, there are bitriangular silhouettes with raised rounded arms (females with a sort of a waist bow, males with legs and sex like a trident, sometimes stylised like a "bottle opener"), archers, ithyphallic figures, copula, linear schematic anthropomorphic figures with raised arms (sometimes like dancing) and "fungiforms". Regarding zoomorpic items, there are caprids, bovids, dogs, "ostrich-like" animals (big birds) and schematic linear quadrupeds. Geometric signs show T-shaped figures, vertical parallel lines, horizontal zigzags, vertical parallel zigzags, branch-like or tree-like figures, chessboard patterns, rhombi, horizontal stair-like patterns, crossed networks, honeycomb networks and crossed circles. Few rayed circle figures, mainly the two unica of the so-called calendar scene, likely represent a sun depiction.</p><br>
<p>Taking count of some associated figures, it is possible to recognize dancing, hunting, and mating scenes. In the so-called Cult Hall a large horizontal dance and hunting scene is depicted, arranged in two main rows: these are the best known and most reproduced Magura Cave images.</p><br>
<p>Access to the area of the paintings is restricted in an effort to preserve them. Before 1993, the cave wasn&#39;t protected and there was free access to all. For this reason, some of the drawings have been vandalised and there are scratches on the walls. The cave is now open to the public all year round although the drawings can be seen only with the presence of a tour guide and the payment of a fee.</p><br>
<p>The old St. Marys Rectory is a gable-front 2-story frame dwelling of three by three bays, built in 1849 and enlarged to twice its size in 1856, and located in Aquasco, Prince Georges County, Maryland. The structure is significant for its architecture and for its association with the history of St. Pauls Parish and the community of Aquasco. The rectory is an excellent example of a vernacular building with Greek Revival and Italianate stylistic elements. The floor plan exemplifies a style typical of the dwellings of successful landowners and merchants on the mid 19th century in Prince Georges County. Original Greek Revival style elements include the front gable entrance facade, crown molded returned cornice, porch detail, interior stair detail, door and window surrounds, and the parlor mantel. Italianate elements include the heavy bracketing of the exterior cornice and the tripartite window in the north gable end.</p><br>
<p>The old rectory served St. Pauls Parish (Episcopal) through 1977, when it was sold as a private residence. Rehabilitated by its present owners, the rectory contains a significant amount of original fabric and is little changed from its mid-19th century appearance. It is located in Aquasco, one of three remaining examples of a well-preserved agricultural community in Prince Georges County. Aquasco reached its height in the 19th century, and is the location of a number of large 19th century planters homes. The rectory was stylishly built, perhaps because of its location in the thriving village and because of the affluence.</p><br>
<p>A grant was awarded to the rectory by Prince George&#39;s County Planning Board which enabled the rectory to undergo significant exterior restoration in 2011. The most valuable improvement was the removal of asbestos siding and the delicate restoration of the beautiful original German siding beneath.</p><br>
<p>, Prince George&#39;s County Planning Department 2010-04-01 p. 3.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside is a historic home located in Aquasco, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland, United States. It is a five bay wide two-story frame house with a center hall and north and south parlors, facing east on a brick foundation. The building dates to 1844. The main block of the house is a fine example of a mid-19th century I-house, and possesses a great deal of intact original fabric. The significance of the property is enhanced by the 18th century wing, in good repair and possessing its original hearth with iron fittings. The house and outbuildings are well preserved examples of vernacular southern Maryland architecture dating from the 18th through the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside is also significant for its association with its builder, Dr. Michael Jenifer Stone (II) (1804-1877). Descendants of Dr. Stone inhabited the property through 1980. Dr. Stone, prominent in the Aquasco community and in Prince George&#39;s County, was the son of Michael Jenifer Stone, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and nephew of Thomas Stone, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel Robert A. Smith Monument, located in Hart County, Kentucky, is a monument related to the American Civil War, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in the memory of Colonel Robert A. Smith and the members of the 10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment who died in the service of the Confederate States of America on September 14, 1862, at the Battle of Munfordville.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The monument is a 25-foot-tall, white Gothic limestone obelisk weighing 35 tons and built in 1884 by Colonel Smiths brother. It is believed that Cleopatras Needle is the only larger single-stone work in the United States. On private property far from a road, it is just east of CSX railroad tracks, and just south of a bridge across the Green River. A cast iron fence forms a perimeter 250 feet away from the monument. To the east of the monument are six smaller marble monuments each dedicated to a separate Mississippi Regiment&mdash;the 7th, 9th, 10th, 29th, and 44th. Soldiers were interred by the monument.</p><br>
<p>The inscription reads: South 42&#39; west and ninety poles distant is the place of The Sacrifice of Col. Robert A. Smith and his regiment the Tenth Mississippi on Sept. 14, 1862</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 14, 1862, Edinburgh (Scotland)-born Colonel Smith was ordered to capture a vital bridge during the Battle of Munfordville. After three hours of combat, Confederate losses were 40 dead and 211 wounded. Smith himself was mortally wounded and in great pain until he died several days later. Members of the Smith family long believed that Smith was ordered to lead the charge by his superior, Brigadier General James R. Chalmers, who felt that Smith would eventually rise in rank and become a threat to his promotion. Chalmers did in fact order the attack on his own initiative. Smith was buried in Jackson, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>When Robert Smith&#39;s brother James immigrated to America from Glasgow, Scotland, in 1886, he searched for the place brother died. James decided to build a monument to honor his brother, buying the land and spending $4,000 on the monument itself. It was built by Oman & Stewart of Nashville, Tennessee, using limestone quarried from Bowling Green, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, it was one of sixty different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>There is another monument to Colonel Robert A. Smith in Edinburgh, where he was born, in the large Victorian Dean Cemetery. The name and date of the battle on the monument is correct, however the name of the town is misspelled as Mumfordsville instead of Munfordville.</p><br>
<p>Viper Island is an island of the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the South Andaman district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p><br>
<p>The island lies 4 km west of Port Blair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Viper Island derives its name from the vessel H.M.S. Viper in which Lt. Archibald Blair came to Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1789. The vessel, it is believed, met with an accident and its wreckage was found near the island.</p><br>
<p>This small island was the site of the jail where the British used to imprison convicts and political prisoners. It has the ruins of a gallows atop a hillock.</p><br>
<p>The jail was abandoned when the Cellular Jail was constructed in 1906.</p><br>
<p>In any talk about Andaman and its role in the freedom struggle, it is the Cellular Jail that finds frequent mention. But, many years before the Cellular Jail was constructed, it was the jail at Viper Island that was used by the British to inflict the worst form of torture and hardship on those who strove to free the country from the British rule.</p><br>
<h3>The Jail</h3><br>
<p>The need for building a jail there was felt only after the British set up a penal settlement at Port Blair in 1858 to house political prisoners of the Indian Rebellion. Ross Island functioned as the headquarters of the penal settlement. Located near Port Blair, the construction of the Viper Jail was carried out during 1864–67. Lt. Col. Barnet Ford, the superintendent of the Penal settlement, supervised the work. Initially, a police inspector, a head constable, two sergeants, four class I constables and 30 class II constables were posted. Later on, the strength was raised gradually. Solitary cells, lock-ups, stocks and whipping stands characterized the Viper Jail. Women were also held.</p><br>
<p>The conditions at the jail were such that the place got the notorious name, "Viper Chain Gang Jail". Those who had challenged the might of the British authority were chained together and confined at night by a chain running through coupling of irons around their legs. It was at this jail that members of the Chain Gang were put to hard labour. Brij Kishore Singh Deo, popularly known as Maharaja Jagannath of Puri, was kept in the Viper Jail, where he died in 1879.</p><br>
<p>The Jail has secured a permanent place in the history of the freedom struggle as it was here that Sher Ali, a Pathan from Peshawar, was hanged after he assassinated Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, on February 8, 1872 at Hope Town jetty, opposite Chatham Island. After the construction of the Cellular Jail in 1906, the Viper Jail&#39;s importance declined.</p><br>
<p>Today, the two-storied Jail building stands tumbled to the plinth level except for a portion of the roof with the outer wall dilapidated. A few birds which have built their nests inside the tomb of the gallows.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to the Port Blair Islands and lies in the middle of Navy Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Politically, Viper Island, along neighboring Port Blair Islands, are part of Port Blair Taluk.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island has some vipers and snakes on it.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Viper Island is a serene beautiful tourist destination situated near Port Blair&#39;s harbour, and can be approached in 20 minutes from the Phoenix Bay jetty. The Harbor Cruise, available daily from the jetty, provides an overall view of different points of the harbor and a trip to this haunted Viper Island.</p><br>
<p>This place is visited by number of tourists as it has multiple attractions with historical importance and also has mesmerizing picnic spots with natural picturesque environments.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>An Ruadh-stac is a Scottish mountain situated in the Wester Ross region of the Highland council area. It is located 26 km north east of Kyle of Lochalsh.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>An Ruadh-stac reaches a height of 892 metres (2926 feet) making it the 30th highest Corbett, it also qualifies as a Marilyn. It is a distinguished looking mountain which is prominent in views because of its light grey coloured quartzite rocks, it stands in the ancient Coulin hunting forest, an area of rough mountainous country between Glen Carron and Glen Torridon. The mountain is situated four km from the nearest public road but there are good stalkers paths within the deer forest which aid access to the foot of the mountain. An Ruadh-stac is closely associated with the adjoining Munro of Maol Cheann-dearg with which it is often climbed.</p><br>
<p>The mountains Gaelic name translates as the Red Stack or Red Conical Hill, this is slightly confusing and misleading as it is invariably seen as a light grey hill due to its quartzite rocks. Hamish Brown comments on the name thus: “An Ruadh-stac is a grey hill, sometimes touched white by the sun but never red like its ruddy, bald headed neighbour (Maol Cheann-dearg).”</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>An Ruadh-stac has the classic triangular mountain shape formed by three steep ridges, the NE ridge is the least steep and the one usually used for ascent and descent by walkers. This ridge drops to the 600 metre high Bealach a’ Choire Ghairbh which links the mountain to Maol Cheann-dearg which stands two km to the north across Coire an Ruidh Staic. The south ridge leads over the subsidiary top of Ruadh Stach Beag (758 metres) before descending towards Glen Carron over rough, boggy ground. The north and west side of the mountain are ringed by steep crags making the NW ridge out of bounds for walkers.</p><br>
<p>The mountains finest geographical feature is the north face a precipitous rock wall which shows off the mountains layered geology when viewed from a distance. These crags rise over 400 metres from the shore of Loch Coire an Ruaidh-staic and have received the attention of rock climbers with Tom Patey and Chris Bonington pioneering a 180 metre long route in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The lower slopes on the SE side of the mountain are composed of ice polished slabs dotted with long flowing mounds of debris, this is fluted moraine, deposited from a glacier, the mounds are less than four metres in height but up to 400 metres in length. The mountains visual attraction is further added to by the presence of four small lochs around its NE flanks, they are all on different levels. One of these lochs, Loch a’ Mhadaidh Ruadh, is rated as one of the most beautiful in the Scottish Highlands, it is located on the Bealach a’ Choire Ghairbh and is enclosed by walls of quartzite rock, giving it an almost artificial look. All drainage from the mountain makes the short journey to the west coast of Scotland, either going directly west to Upper Loch Torridon or SE to Glen Carron and then Loch Carron.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents and view</h2><br>
<p>The summit of An Ruadh-stac is a long way from any road but the closest starting point is on the A890 road at Coulags in Glen Carron at grid reference. This route follows the footpath north up the valley of the Fionn-abhainn before crossing the river and going west and climbing up to the Bealach a’ Choire Ghairbh. From the bealach it is a tough 340 metre climb up rough slopes of scree and slabby rock to the summit. It is possible to climb the mountain by a longer route from Glen Torridon starting from Annat at.</p><br>
<p>The summit is littered with quartzite boulders with the highest point marked by a cairn of rocks and gives a view which includes the Skye Cuillin to the SW, Upper Loch Torridon appears next to Beinn Damh to the NW while the Torridon hills are further round to the north. By exploring the summit plateau further it is possible to look 1000 feet down the cliffs of the north face to Loch Coire an Ruaidh-staic.</p><br>
<p>Loch of Aboyne is a shallow, artificial formed, freshwater loch in Grampian, Scotland. It lies 1.25 mi northeast of Aboyne and 26 mi west southwest of Aberdeen. An earthen dam was constructed around 1834 to retain the loch. It also served as a reservoir for a nearby mill.</p><br>
<h2>Survey</h2><br>
<p>The loch was surveyed on 13 July 1905 by T.N. Johnston and L.W. Collett and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The loch was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1984 owing to its aquatic flora and fauna and rich reedbed and fen vegetation. It has one of the finest submerged floras in the area with 8 species of pondweeds. There is a high diversity of leeches and pond snails and modest numbers of passage</p><br>
<p>and wintering wildfowl including wigeon, goosander and whooper swans. It provides a valuable habitat for waterfowl and other birds, with Osprey regularly seen plucking fish from the water. It is also an important site for butterflies.</p><br>
<h2>Leisure and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Aberdeen Waterski and Wakeboard Club uses the loch for its activities and the Club was also responsible for repairing the dam in the late 1980s. In winter, when ice forms on the loch, it is used for curling. Fishing is available by permit and the existing stock of perch, pike and eels was supplemented in 2002 and 2003 with common roach, bream, ide and carp. On the north shore of the loch is the Aboyne Golf Club and course. The Aboyne Loch Caravan Park lies on a peninsula which extends into the loch, and The Lodge on the Loch health spa is located on the north shore.</p><br>
<p>Frays River is a semi-canalised short river in England that branches off the River Colne at Uxbridge Moor and rejoins it at West Drayton. The river is believed to be a man-made diversion of waters from the River Colne to feed watermills around Uxbridge. The name is originates from John Fray who owned Cowley Hall beside the river in the fifteenth century. Other names for the river are the Uxbridge and Cowley Mill Stream, the Cowley Stream or the Colham Mill Stream. In the 17th century the river powered five mills. Drayton Mill at West Drayton was mentioned in Domesday Book and was used for flour milling, paper-making and the manufacture of millboard. It ceased operation in about 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Frays River leaves the River Colne between the north-west of Uxbridge, Greater London and east of Denham, Buckinghamshire at Denham Weir. It passes Cowley and Yiewsley on the east bank where it is joined by the Pinn. It is also crossed by the Slough Arm of the Grand Union Canal which is carried on an aqueduct. It rejoins the River Colne at West Drayton. Little Britain is a lake between the Frays River and the River Colne.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Frays River in Uxbridge and Cowley has a diversity of wetland plants, fish and waterfowl associated with good water quality and is a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation, Borough Grade I. Frays Island between the Frays and the River Colne is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation managed by the London Wildlife Trust, and the river goes through two Sites of Special Scientific Interest managed by the Trust: Frays Farm Meadows and Denham Lock Wood.</p><br>
<h2>Literary connections</h2><br>
<p>George Orwell once taught at Frays College, Uxbridge, which was on the banks of the river.</p><br>
<p>Villa DeSales, built in 1877-1878, is a large five-by-three bay, three-story frame High Victorian Gothic dwelling with a two-story south service wing, located at Aquasco, Prince Georges County, Maryland. The historic home is significant for its architectural character which includes a complex of six 19th century outbuildings. This architectural style is an unusual one in Southern Maryland, an area heavily agricultural historically. The large size of the house, the decorative slate roof, amount and variety of cornice and gable trusses, brackets, and pendants; and the well preserved interior with original Gothic Revival-style lighting fixtures and parlor and bedroom furnishings make the house exceptional. In the rear yard are seven domestic and agricultural outbuildings in good condition. The stable is the only High Victorian Gothic barn or stable in Prince Georges County.</p><br>
<p>Villa DeSales was built for George Forbes (1844-1931) and his wife, Fanny Bowling Forbes (1853-1929), near her family home in Aquasco. The Bowling and Forbes families were large landowners in southern Prince George&#39;s and neighboring Charles County, Maryland during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Villa DeSales was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Central Troy Historic District is an irregularly shaped, 96 acre area of downtown Troy, New York, United States. It has been described as "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th-century downtowns in the " with nearly 700 properties in a variety of architectural styles from the early 19th to mid-20th centuries. These include most of Russell Sage College, one of two privately owned urban parks in New York, and two National Historic Landmarks. Visitors ranging from the Duke de la Rochefoucauld to Philip Johnson have praised aspects of it. Martin Scorsese used parts of downtown Troy as a stand-in for 19th-century Manhattan in The Age of Innocence.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), superseding five smaller historic districts that had been listed on the Register in the early 1970s. (Two years later, in 1988, the extension of the previous River Street Historic District north of Federal Street was added separately to the NRHP as the Northern River Street Historic District.) In late 2014, the State Historic Preservation Board began considering an adjustment to the districts boundaries that would be a net expansion, particularly in its southeast; that increase was made official in 2016. Most of the buildings, structures and objects within the district contribute to its historic character. Two of Troys four National Historic Landmarks, the Gurley Building and Troy Savings Bank, are located within its boundaries. Nine other buildings are listed on the Register in their own right. Among the architects represented are Alexander Jackson Davis, George B. Post, Calvert Vaux and Frederick Clarke Withers. There are many buildings designed by the regionally significant architect Marcus F. Cummings. The downtown street plan was borrowed from Philadelphia, and one neighborhood, Washington Square, was influenced by London&#39;s squares of its era.</p><br>
<p>The district reflects Troy&#39;s evolution from its origins as a Hudson River port into an early industrial center built around textile manufacture and steelmaking. During this period it was rebuilt twice in the wake of two devastating fires, resulting in its mix of architecture styles. After the decline of its industries in the mid-20th century, downtown Troy was threatened by urban renewal efforts that galvanized local preservationists, leading to the early NRHP listings and eventually the creation of the district.</p><br>
<p>Today, the city of Troy protects and preserves the district with special provisions in its zoning and programs which, with assistance from the state of New York, encourage and subsidize property owners who maintain and restore historic buildings. These efforts have paid off with increased attention from developers, the revival of much of the area, and praise from visitors to the city. With the collaboration of nearby Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy is hoping to make the district a center for the development of cutting-edge technologies, a "Silicon Valley of the 19th century."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district boundary was drawn to include the highest concentration of historic resources. The street plan dates to 1787 and the most recent historic building dates to 1940, making those years the period of significance. While some newer buildings are inevitably located within the area, the boundary, where possible, excluded significant mid and late 20th-century buildings like the city hall, low-income housing projects, and the Uncle Sam Atrium, a large shopping mall downtown. All of the original five historic districts are included in full, along with other historic neighborhoods,</p><br>
<p>It is centered around the axes of US 4 and NY 2, both of which divide into one-way streets (Third and Fourth, and Congress and Ferry, respectively) to facilitate traffic flow through the city. Monument Square, the center of Troy since the late 19th century, along with all the buildings around it (save for the late 20th-century brutalist City Hall, demolished in 2011) are located within its northwestern corner. At its western end it is partially bounded by the Hudson River and the former River Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>To the south it includes the older buildings of Russell Sage College, Washington Square Park and the houses on Adams Street, the districts southern boundary. The mostly regular southeastern boundary follows Clinton Street until it reaches Ferry. Then it becomes ragged and irregular, reaching the districts northernmost extent at the former Grand Street Historic District. This extension allows it to include as well the Gurley Building and its surrounding neighborhood, formerly the Fifth Street-Fulton Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the district Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy&#39;s most notable institution of higher learning, is situated on a low rise overlooking downtown. RPI has played an increasing role in the district in recent years, and now owns several notable buildings.</p><br>
<p>The entire district is densely developed, primarily residential in its northern and southern portions, with commercial use concentrated in central blocks near Monument Square. The only significant open spaces within it are the one-block Washington Park near its southern end and Seminary Park, the main quad at Russell Sage. Most of the major streets and the central area of the district are lined with multi-story dwellings that are primarily commercial but with a mix of office and residential space on their upper floors. On the side streets, there are smaller-scale residential townhouses. Institutional use is limited to Russell Sage, a few churches, RPI&#39;s buildings and governmental structures like the county courthouse and post office. No industrial use, past or present, is within the district, with the notable exception of the Gurley Building, and even that has been scaled back in recent years.</p><br>
<h3>2016 expansion</h3><br>
<p>In 2014 the State Historic Preservation Board considered a boundary adjustment that removes a small area at the northeast corner but adds far more, primarily at the southeast. It would include a total of 200 new contributing properties and extend the districts period of significance to 1978, to take into account the citys urban renewal era. Most of the new areas had been found to be consistent with those already included in the district or accidentally excluded when the district was originally designated. Two years later the National Park Service officially approved the expansion.</p><br>
<p>The most significant change to the district is the extension on the southeast, to the boundary of the citys Eighth Ward in 1870. Between Adams and Ferry streets, three blocks would be added, with the new boundary following the west side of St. Marys Avenue, excluding a newer house at the northwest corner of the Washington Avenue intersection, and then rear property lines to Kennedy Lane and Hill Street just south of Adams. Two-story rowhouses predominate in this area, many built as worker housing during the 19th century, some as early as the Federal period. Some have intact storefronts. It also has the only significant industrial building in the proposed expanded district, the former Lusco Paper Works on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. The area has begun to see some restoration efforts, such as some Greek Revival rowhouses on Liberty Street near Fourth, which will benefit from state tax credits should the area be added to the district.</p><br>
<p>On the west side the boundary would be extended a block, from First to River Street at the Congress Street Bridge approaches, between Division and Ferry streets. This includes a large brick dorm complex built by Russell Sage College (RSC) in the early 1960s. It was the college&#39;s last large-scale construction project in the city; with its inclusion all of RSC would be within the district. To its south another proposed extension reaches across a small park on First to include the 1905 Beth Tephilah synagogue, a neoclassical brick structure that retains most of its integrity.</p><br>
<p>Two other changes take in other significant buildings. Along the north side of Ferry at the districts east, just north of the Eighth Ward addition, the boundary would be extended east, taking in another set of rowhouses on the west side of Fifth and the citys former jail and sheriff&#39;s office at the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth. On the north, the Uncle Sam Atrium shopping mall and parking garage complex, occupying most of the block between Broadway and Third, Fourth and Fulton streets would now be included. Built in 1978, it is the only significant example of modern architecture in the district and the last large-scale project built in downtown Troy.</p><br>
<p>Other, smaller areas proposed for inclusion are a group of brick houses, some of them blighted, along the south side of Washington Street between First Street Alley and River; a rowhouse and community garden on the corners of Adams Street and Second Street Alley; and another group of rowhouses along the west side of Fifth Street between State and Congress Streets. The only areas proposed for removal are large portions of the blocks on the west side of Sixth Avenue on either side of Fulton. At the time the district was established, they were occupied by large industrial buildings, both of which were later demolished and replaced by parking lots.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Central Troy Historic District is, particularly in its earlier years, the history of Troy itself. Until the later 19th century, the present downtown area was the city. Two devastating fires, along with changes in the economy brought about by industrialization, shaped the district into today&#39;s architecturally diverse downtown.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-industrial years</h3><br>
<p>Prior to independence, there had only been a few scattered Dutch farmers settled on the Hudson above Albany. In 1787, a group of New Englanders headed west and persuaded one Jacob Vanderhyden to sell them a large tract which they then subdivided and named Troy. The dividing line between two of the family&#39;s farms was called Grand Division Street, later shortened to Grand Street.</p><br>
<p>They based its grid-like street plan on Philadelphias, with numbered north-south streets running inland from the river after River Street, the citys first commercial center.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, the new settlement was designated the Rensselaer County seat. Two years later, the visiting Duke de la Rochefoucauld noted the "neat and numerous houses" and active businesses engaged in river-based trade. "The sight of this activity is truly charming", he said, in one of the earliest published descriptions of the city. In 1798 Troy incorporated as a village.</p><br>
<p>The village&#39;s population more than tripled in the first 15 years of the new century, leading it to reincorporate as a city in 1816. With River Street getting built out, banks began taking advantage of the street plan and locating on First Street, previously a residential area. By 1807, another visitor from abroad, British painter John Lambert, described a town that had already grown considerably from what de la Rochefoucauld saw a dozen years earlier:</p><br>
<p>Little of that Troy remains due to an 1820 fire which started in a First Street stable and eventually consumed much of the extant village. A column at 225 River Street bears a stone indicating that this was where the fire was stopped after it had gone on for weeks. Unlike its classical namesake, Troy rebuilt quickly, with newer brick homes and commercial buildings, built to stricter standards, replacing the old ones and expanding again.</p><br>
<h3>Industrialization and growth</h3><br>
<p>In 1824, a gazetteer of the state echoed earlier accounts in calling River Street "the mart of business". The same year, RPI was founded on the hill to the east of downtown, to train engineers for the city&#39;s burgeoning industrial sector. The relationship between the city and university would later become significant in preserving the historic district.</p><br>
<p>This growth would continue due to transportation improvements in the 1820s. Troys businessmen had already built a turnpike to Schenectady, the path followed today by Route 2 from Troy to Colonie. These trade routes were enhanced by the Erie and Champlain canals, which opened new markets to the north and west, while the Troy Steamboat Companys debut did likewise for the south. The access to iron ore mines in the Adirondack Mountains also got some local businessmen into iron refining. In 1835 the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad brought that technology to the city, and in 1842 the completion of the Schenectady and Troy Railroad linked Troy to the vast network that reached as far west as Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The stage was set for Troys industrialization. The development of the detachable collar by Hannah Lord Montague in 1827 had given the city the product that still lends it its "Collar City" nickname. Plants were built to manufacture them commercially, as well as cuffs and other textile products. Most of these were located to the north of the downtown area, as it was continuing to grow as the citys commercial district and residential area for the well-to-do of the time along Second Street.</p><br>
<p>With the newer money and newer neighborhoods came newer architectural trends. St. Pauls Episcopal Church, built in 1827, is an early Gothic Revival church, based on Ithiel Towns Trinity Church in New Haven, Connecticut. Eight years later, Town himself would design the Cannon Building in collaboration with Alexander Jackson Davis.</p><br>
<p>Greek Revival residences were first built in Troy along Second Street in the late 1820s. In 1839, six local businessmen bought a parcel of land between Second and Third at the south end of what was then the developed area of the city and created Washington Park. Modeled on contemporary British residential squares such as those found in London&#39;s Bloomsbury neighborhoods, its first phase, on Washington Place, featured rows of townhouses with a unified facade fronting on a park reserved exclusively for residents, whose deeds require a monthly maintenance fee. It retains its integrity despite some later alterations and damage, and is one of only two privately owned urban parks in New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, another group of planned Greek Revival townhouses was built at 160-168 Second Street. Unusual for urban houses, they featured one-and-a-half-story porticos on their front facades, with Ionic columns, and (originally) side yards. Another house was built at 170, several years later, in a similar style. They were widely imitated elsewhere in the city.</p><br>
<p>The citys industries reached their peak in the 1850s, and the wealth it created explored new architectural trends. The emerging Italianate style began to make its mark, particularly in commercial buildings around Monument Square and along "Bankers Row", First between State and River. St. Paul&#39;s Place was built around 1850 on the south side of State between Fourth and Fifth. Following the dictates of the Washington Park-area deeds, the houses were built with a unified facade as well as a central parapet. The Gilbert Mansion on Second Street west of Washington Park is the most significant detached Italianate home from that era.</p><br>
<p>Russell Sage built a row of Gothic Revival houses on Second Street in 1846 that survives, albeit without some of their original ornamentation. On the edges of town, some architects began exploring that styles Picturesque mode. A new row of townhouses at Washington Park went up, and another Second Street row followed in 1855. The following year, St. Johns Episcopal Church, at First and Liberty Streets, was the first use of that style for a city church.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Troys industries played a key role in supporting the Union cause. The Burden Ironworks is said to have supplied all the Union Armys horseshoes, and another local ironworks supplied the USS Monitor&#39;s hull plating. Its owners would later produce the first Bessemer process steel in the United States after the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 Troy suffered another major fire, the worst in its history. A locomotive&#39;s spark ignited the wooden Green Island drawbridge that existed at the time, and when that could not be contained to the bridge it spread to the east, ultimately devastating 507 buildings over a 16-block area. As before, the city rebuilt quickly, with the area along Fifth between Broadway and Grant Street, where Cummings built a row of houses between Fifth and Sixth, most strongly reflecting this era of rapid construction and reconstruction. The Gurley Building, too, rose in just eight months from the ashes of its predecessor. The nearby neighborhood also became desirable, with many local businessmen moving into newly built homes along Fifth.</p><br>
<h3>Postwar prosperity</h3><br>
<p>As the postwar years yielded to the Gilded Age, Troys prosperity continued. The wealth created by its industries built some of the citys most notable Victorian buildings. Frederick Clarke Withers designed First Streets Rice Building in 1871, a five-story flatiron-shaped building representative of his Victorian Gothic style. The Cannon Building got a contemporary mansard roof after two fires. Cummings 1870 Congregation Berith Sholom Temple on Third Street is among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States,Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues, Mark W. Gordon, American Jewish History 84.1 (1996) 11-27</p><br>
<p>the oldest Reform synagogue in New York, and one of the most significant religious buildings in the district from this period. In 1875, George B. Post won a competition to build a new home for the Troy Savings Bank, with an upstairs auditorium. While his building was in the Renaissance Revival style of the time, its forms and decorations anticipated his later work in the Beaux-Arts vein.</p><br>
<p>The Panic of 1873 put a damper on this growth, and in the interim the citys steel industry began to decline, squeezed by competition from newer, more efficient producers in Western Pennsylvania and the Midwest on one side and labor unrest at home. But the textile industry remained strong, and even grew. Accordingly, its residents continued to embrace new movements in architecture. The 1880 pharmacy building at 137 Second Street featured a highly decorated cast iron storefront and curved windows showing the influence of the Queen Anne Style. Further down Second Street, industrialist Jonas Heartts house built that same year is one of the best residential applications of the same style.</p><br>
<p>Cummings explored the Richardsonian Romanesque mode in several of his buildings at Russell Sage. The Paine Mansion at 49 Second Street applied the same style, with arcaded entrance loggia and corner tower, to a home. The brick drugstore annex at 155-157 River Street is a particularly representative commercial example of the style. In 1893 the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago popularized the Classical and Renaissance revivals and Beaux-Arts style. They came to Troy very quickly when Marcus Cummings and his son Frederick designed the Classical Revival county courthouse at 80 Second Street, the third to occupy the site, the following year. A short distance away three years later, the Renaissance Revival Hart Memorial Library was built of Vermont marble, joining the similarly styled 1895 Frear Mansion, also on Second Street.</p><br>
<p>As the 20th century dawned, builders and architects concentrated their efforts in the northern half of the district, primarily on commercial structures as the downtown area was no longer popular as a place for new residences. Monument Square, created in 1891 when a statue of Columbia was erected atop the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in the triangular area formed by the intersection of Broadway, River and Second streets, became a new focal point of development. There the McCarthy Building on Monument Square, and the similar National State Bank and Ilium buildings on Broadway, all built in 1904, show the decorative influence of the eras revival styles. Proctors Theater, ten years later on Fourth Street, continued the tradition.</p><br>
<p>Other architects chose the eras simpler styles, like Arts and Crafts, as a contrast. The marble-and-brick 1905 YMCA building on Second Street, and the six-story Caldwell Apartments at State and Second streets are two of the districts best examples of that style. The latter building, built in 1907, was also the first large-scale apartment building in the city. The Colonial Revival style would also leave its mark in Troy with several buildings. Most notable among them is the Hendrick Hudson Hotel on the east side of Monument Square, a six-story structure that was the largest building ever built in the city at the time. Projects of similar scale, and the city&#39;s annexation of the village of Lansingburgh to its north, helped swell its population to over 72,000 in 1930, its alltime peak.</p><br>
<h3>Depression and decline</h3><br>
<p>New construction almost halted when the Great Depression began in the 1930s. As a result, there are few buildings in the district in that eras architectural styles. The post office at Fourth and Broadway, built despite much public outcry over the demolition of its landmark 1894 predecessor, is the districts most notable building of the 1930s. Its stripped-down Classical Revival style shows the influence of Art Deco in its smooth, finished surfaces. The enameled metal facade on a Third Street storefront, dating to 1940, makes it the only building in the district to show any trace of the Streamline Moderne style.</p><br>
<p>World War II sustained the city&#39;s economy with an increased demand for textiles and all other products it could make. After the war ended, the textile mills, faced with competition from producers in the lower-wage South, closed or left.</p><br>
<p>After a brief postwar increase, Troy&#39;s population began a continuing decline. The city began the first of several urban renewal plans shortly after adopting its 1962 master plan. Those plans called for the demolition of many buildings downtown, to be replaced by a new arterial road, large public housing projects and a shopping mall. After various delays, those projects were either scaled back or abandoned entirely. In the interim many businesses either closed or moved out of downtown.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation and renewal</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, public opposition to the planned demolition of some of the historic structures downtown like the McCarthy Building led to them being placed on the then-new National Register. In the early 1970s, the five predecessor historic districts were recognized and added as well, along with some other structures.</p><br>
<p>Urban renewal programs are funded in part by federal grants. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, which created the NRHP, requires that federal agencies give consideration to the opinions of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in assessing the impact their actions will have on listed properties and consider alternatives to any action that would destroy or significantly affect them. The listings of downtown Troy&#39;s districts and buildings therefore had the practical effect of preventing their demolition for urban renewal.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, after a Troy Downtown Historic District had been declared eligible for the NRHP by the states Historic Preservation Office but not yet submitted to the National Park Service (NPS), which administers the Register, local preservationists realized that the existing historic districts did not fully embrace all of downtowns historic properties. Instead of applying for boundary increases or nominating more individual properties to the Register, the city decided to merge all five into a new, central district.</p><br>
<p>Troys downtown began reviving. In 1993, Martin Scorsese used the Second Street area, particularly the Paine Mansion, and some of the Russell Sage buildings as locations for his adaptation of Edith Whartons The Age of Innocence, since they replicated the appearance of 1870s Manhattan. River Street became home to many antique stores. Developers began buying the old buildings and adapting them to contemporary uses.</p><br>
<p>RPI began buying properties such as the Rice and Gurley buildings, moving students and faculty into them. In 2006, The New York Times described the city as having "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th-century downtowns in the United States." The district&#39;s success led to the proposed expansion in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The district includes all the area of the original five districts, two National Historic Landmarks, nine properties listed on the National Register in their own right, and several other noteworthy contributing properties among its 679 total historic resources.</p><br>
<h3>Predecessor districts</h3><br>
<p>Fifth Street-Fulton Street Historic District. Many of the city&#39;s then-prominent businessmen built townhouses here, near the Gurley Building, after the 1862 fire.</p><br>
<p>Grand Street Historic District: Marcus Cummings built townhouses here after that fire.</p><br>
<p>River Street Historic District: The city&#39;s antique district is the oldest neighborhood in Troy, and its pre-industrial commercial center.</p><br>
<p>Second Street Historic District: Many unaltered homes dating to the 1820s, some of them owned by prominent city residents, in the vicinity of the Troy Savings Bank building.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park Historic District: Local businessmen started the citys first planned neighborhood in 1839, the first large Greek Revival development in the city. They used Londons residential squares as their model. Philip Johnson called it "one of the finest squares in North America".</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmarks</h3><br>
<p>W. & L.E. Gurley Building: Fifth and Fulton streets. Built in just nine months after 1862 fire, this location has been home to Gurley Precision Instruments since 1845. The building, with Renaissance and classically inspired stylings, is an unusual example of a commercial building extremely sympathetic to its neighboring residences. Today owned by RPI and home to some of its divisions, including the Lighting Research Center.</p><br>
<p>Troy Savings Bank: 32 Second Street. Designed by George B. Post in 1875 in stylings that anticipate the emergence of Beaux-Arts,</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Cannon Building: 1-9 Broadway, on the south side of Monument Square. This 1835 collaboration by Alexander Jackson Davis and Ithiel Town got a mansard roof after an 1870 fire.</p><br>
<p>Hart-Cluett Mansion: An 1828 Federal mansion on Second Street built by a New York merchant as a wedding gift to his daughter. Largely unchanged, it is today the home of the Rensselaer County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Ilium Building: Marcus Cummings designed this commercial building at Fourth and Fulton in 1904.</p><br>
<p>McCarthy Building: 255 River Street, on the west side of Monument Square. Another 1904 building, noted for large proscenium-style front arch window from original use as furniture showroom. Today it hosts the Troy offices of a regional media company.</p><br>
<p>National State Bank Building: 297 River Street. Its fenestration and decoration is similar to Cummings&#39; Ilium Building a block away.</p><br>
<p>Proctor&#39;s Theater: A 1914 theater on Fourth Street transitioned smoothly between live-entertainment and motion-picture eras. but a new proposal to gut the interior completely has been the subject of local controversy.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Episcopal Church: State and Third streets. This 1828 stone Gothic Revival structure is an almost exact duplicate of Ithiel Towns Trinity Church in New Haven, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>Troy Public Library: 100 Second Street. It is an 1897 white marble building that has been described as "one of the finest works of Italian Renaissance architecture in the country".</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office: Fourth and Broadway. Built in 1936, it is one of the most modern of the contributing properties in the district, using a stripped Classical Revival style for the tenth post office location in the city&#39;s history. Its lobby contains one of only three Waldo Peirce murals in American post offices.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>Commercial building at 46 Third Street: Downtown Troy&#39;s only example of Streamline Moderne architecture. Having an enameled metal facade and storefront, and dating to 1940, it is the newest contributing property in the district.</p><br>
<p>Caldwell Apartments: Second and State streets. This Arts and Crafts-style building from 1907 was Troy&#39;s first large-scale apartment building.</p><br>
<p>Congregation Berith Sholom Temple: 167 Third Street. The oldest Reform synagogue in New York, and one of the oldest surviving synagogues in the country; built in 1870 by Cummings.</p><br>
<p>Hendrick Hudson Hotel: Located on the east side of Monument Square. This seven-story brick Colonial Revival building, dating to 1932, is the largest building on the square.</p><br>
<p>House at 18 First Street The oldest house in the district is this Federal-style brick house, built in 1808 and added to in 1875, that survived the 1820 fire.</p><br>
<p>Julia Howard Bush Center: Originally First Presbyterian Church, on the Russell Sage campus in Seminary Park at First and Congress streets. A Greek Revival hexastyle temple-front church built in 1835, it is one of only ten remaining buildings in that style in the USA</p><br>
<p>Paine Mansion: 49 2nd Street. This limestone-faced Romanesque Revival home was built in 1894.</p><br>
<p>Rensselaer County Courthouse: 80 Second Street. The third courthouse on the site was built in 1894 by Cummings in the Classical Revival style. The neighboring Second Street Presbyterian Church, built in 1833, was later annexed to it and remodeled in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Rice Building: First and River streets. Calvert Vaux and Frederick Clarke Withers designed this Polychrome 1871 brick flatiron-shaped building. One of the district&#39;s rare examples of Victorian Gothic; today owned and used by RPI.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church: First and Liberty streets. Henry Dudley designed this Stone Gothic Revival church built in 1856 by in the style of English parish churches that closely follows models of church design embraced by the contemporary Oxford Movement.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Place: Off State Street between Fourth and Fifth avenues. This is a street of six attached three-story brick rowhouses built ca. 1850. They feature a variation on Italianate norms with bracketed gables and rounded-arch windows and doors rarely seen with that style in an urban environment.</p><br>
<p>Thompson Drug Company Annex: 155-157 River Street. This five-story Richardsonian Romanesque brick building from 1888 copies one of Richardson&#39;s buildings in Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<p>Vail House: 46 First Street. This Federal-style 1818 home is the most notable structure to have survived the 1820 fire.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The city has recognized the historic district in its zoning code. It divides the area into six separate districts — the Riverfront, First, Second, Third, Fourth Street and Fifth Avenue local historic districts. The Riverfront district includes the neighborhood to the northwest listed on the National Register as the Northern River Street Historic District. The other five are roughly aligned with the eponymous streets, with the First Street district consisting of two detached areas, the Second and Third street districts taking up most of the central area and the other two occupying the northeastern corner of the district. The city has also made some grants and tax exemptions available to qualified property owners. The citys current master plan calls for enhancing the districts mixed-use character, by encouraging both residential use and businesses that serve consumers, particularly retailers, and providing tax incentives for the rehabilitation of historic homes.</p><br>
<p>Troy&#39;s ordinances designate its Planning Commission as the Historic District and Landmarks Review Commission. Property owners in the district must get special permission from the commission for any work on their properties beside ordinary maintenance (and even for that in some cases), to make sure it leaves the historic character of the property and the surrounding buildings intact.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the state added most of the district to Troy&#39;s Empire Zone. This economic development incentive gives businesses that locate in the included areas tax credits and exemptions to encourage them to locate there. The state has also moved some of its employees into the district, through the interventions of former State Senate majority leader Joseph Bruno, a resident of nearby Brunswick, who represented the district that included the city. He steered state grants towards the rehabilitation of the buildings that now house state government offices, as well as school aid that helped the city keep its property taxes low. City officials say his help has been vital, and will be missed following his 2008 resignation.</p><br>
<p>RPI has acquired several significant downtown properties, such as the Gurley and Rice buildings and Proctor&#39;s Theater,</p><br>
<p>The private sector has also played a large role in revitalizing the area, even without public aid and incentives. Developers have been attracted to the historic buildings and their surrounding neighborhoods, calling it the citys strongest asset, although they have complained about past stalemates in city government. One initiative has often led to others. River Streets development into a center for antique stores came about without any public effort or intent, and the restoration of the music hall at the Savings Bank led to many new restaurants opening in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Developers, the city, and the colleges see downtown Troy&#39;s future as a center for high-tech companies and the good-paying jobs they provide. In addition to its historic character, the area has space available and is walkable. One local official calls Troy "the Silicon Valley of the 19th century".</p><br>
<p>The revitalization of downtown Troy has not been entirely without controversy over some of its historic buildings. A 2009 proposal to redevelop Proctors by gutting its interior and converting it to office space led to serious opposition. and started an online petition against the use of any state funds for the project. Proponents, including the head of the citys Downtown Collaborative, said that after three decades of the vacant buildings deterioration, any redevelopment proposal should be seriously considered, regardless of its impact on the buildings historic character.</p><br>
<p>Bostwick is a historic home located a short distance, below Lowndes Hill, the present-day property, of Bladensburg Elementary School, in Bladensburg, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland, United States. According to its date plaque, it was built in 1746 by Christopher Lowndes . The house was later the home of Lowndes’ son-in-law, Benjamin Stoddert , first Secretary of the Navy. Colonel Thomas H. Barclay  resided at "Bostwick," the oldest surviving structure at Bladensburg.</p><br>
<p>Located nearby is the Market Master&#39;s House, also built by Lowndes.</p><br>
<p>Bostwick is a -story brick structure laid up in Flemish bond. A basement and ground level lies under the entire house. The gable roof, with dormer windows, is slightly belled at the eaves. The main (west) facade is five bays with a central doorway. A one-story porch extends across the front, and the pedimented central bay of the porch projects forward. "C.L. 1746" in wrought lead painted black is embedded high in the south chimney. Also on the south side is a distinctive buttress added about 1800 by Stoddert, who was concerned about a crack in the wall on that side of the house. At the base of the buttress are two dungeons or cells. A gable-roofed common bond brick detached kitchen stands northeast of the house. Southeast of the house are several 19th century outbuildings and a barn.</p><br>
<p>Bostwick was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The house suffered damage to the north chimney and roof in the August 2011 east coast earthquake. In 2012, Preservation Maryland placed Bostwick on its list of threatened historic properties.</p><br>
<p>The William Hilleary House, or Hilleary-Magruder House, is a historic home located at Bladensburg in Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States. The house is the only 18th-century stone, gambrel-roofed house in Prince Georges County. It is now surrounded to the south and west by an exit ramp connecting Kenilworth Avenue with Annapolis Road.</p><br>
<p>It was built between 1742 and 1764 by William Hilleary. The house passed through a number of 18th-century owners, including Richard Henderson. Henderson was a prominent merchant and land speculator, who served as a County Justice and was well known for his "paper wars" in local newspapers. George Washingtons diary, May 9, 1787, states that he dined at Richard Hendersons in Bladensburgh. Henderson sold the property in 1793 to Major David Ross, son of the surgeon and merchant Dr. David Ross who had died in 1777/8 ?, as well as business partner of Hendersons in the Frederick Forge on Antietam Creek. Ross father, Dr. David Ross, was the "Agent Victualer" for the Maryland troops during the French and Indian war. Father Dr. David Ross owned the famed "Ross Home", which was often referred to as the old brick hospital. In August 1814, the Ross Home was used for a hospital during the Battle of Bladensburg of the War of 1812. Dr. Ross was an original inhabitant of Bladensburg, had served as a Town Commissioner, and from 1750 to 1759 had been a Justice of the County Court.</p><br>
<p>The William Hilleary House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 1979 Prince George’s Heritage, Inc., took on the ownership and restoration of the Hilleary-Magruder House.</p><br>
<p>The Market Masters House is an 18th-century vernacular Colonial-era stone dwelling with 20th-century additions, set at the rear of a long, narrow lot in Bladensburg, Prince Georges County, Maryland. It was constructed c. 1765, when Bladensburg was an active tobacco shipping port.</p><br>
<p>The Market Masters House is significant for its association with the 18th century development of the town of Bladensburg. Lot 38 of Bladensburg was purchased by Christopher Lowndes, who built nearby Bostwick, on September 23, 1760. The use of the Market Masters House as a headquarters for tobacco inspectors or an overseer of tobacco marketing activity has not been proven, and no description of an approved Market Master has been found for the town of Bladensburg. However, the Market Masters House is one of only four buildings remaining from this significant period of the towns history.</p><br>
<p>The original block is a two-by-one bay, gable-roofed, 25 × 20 foot structure, 1 stories, of randomly laid roughly shaped non-native stone. The stone is thought to have been brought to the site originally as ship ballast, therefore it is also known as the Ship&#39;s Ballast House. It contains one room on the first story, a corner stair, and one room on the second story. A small two-story west kitchen addition and one-story south shed-roofed addition were added about 1920, with later additions and renovations completed in 1956. In May - June 2009, the Maryland State Highway Administration and the Center for Heritage Resource Studies (CHRS) at the University of Maryland, College Park sponsored archeological digs at the site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The ODea House, is a historic home located in Berwyn Heights, Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States. The house was built in 1888 from a pattern book design and is a -story frame Queen Anne-style dwelling. Most notable of its features is the three-story octagonal tower and varied ornamental surface coverings.</p><br>
<p>The ODea House is significant for its association with the development of Berwyn Heights, originally Charlton Heights, an early streetcar suburb of Washington, D.C. and for its architectural character. Beginning in the 1870s, the area northeast of Washington was the scene of active and continuous development as the population of the city increased and railroad suburbs such as Berwyn Heights gradually grew and expanded around it. The ODea House is one of the houses erected by the Charlton Heights Improvement Company to spur development of its new community. In typical fashion, these company-built houses were often mail order or pattern book houses. The pattern for the O&#39;Dea House is from an 1888 published design by Robert W. Shoppell.</p><br>
<p>The ODea House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It was sold in 1939 to Lawrence and Alice ODea, and bears their name.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Hall, constructed in 1889, is located on the northeast side of Old Muirkirk Road in the center of the historic African American community of Rossville, a section of Beltsville in Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed by the Benevolent Sons and Daughters of Abraham, an African American society that was established for the social welfare of its members. Originally known as Rebecca Lodge #6 of the Benevolent Sons and Daughters of Abraham, the building was constructed by John W. Jackson in 1889 in the burgeoning community of Rossville. Abraham Hall, an excellent example of a multi-purpose building associated with African Americans, served as a meeting hall, a house of worship, a school, and a social hall for African Americans living in a segregated society.</p><br>
<p>The lodge hall functioned as the community black school, until a Rosenwald School was built in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The structure is set back from the road on a 3.85 acre grassy lot with mature trees. It is a three-bay, two-story gable front frame lodge building with a brick foundation, wood lap siding with cornerboards, and a shake roof with a boxed cornice. A brick chimney rises from the northwest slope of the roof. Both the interior and exterior of the building were carefully restored between 1986 and 1991 using original materials or in-kind replacements.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Hilltop Manor is an historic apartment complex located in Bladensburg, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland. The complex consists of eight brick garden apartment buildings, each of which is divided into two to six units or sections, constructed in 1942 and 1943.</p><br>
<p>The structures exhibit characteristics of both the Colonial Revival and Moderne style, reflecting an architectural transition between the traditional elements of the Colonial Revival style and the streamlined features of the Moderne style.</p><br>
<p>The complex consists of 150 apartments interspersed among eight buildings with 32 units. Each unit contains between four and eight apartments, with the exception of one unit, 5210 53rd Place, which consists of only three apartments. In all, there are five apartment layouts with varying numbers of bedrooms. The majority of the apartments (122) have one bedroom. The remaining apartments consist of two-bedroom apartments; there is one three-bedroom basement apartment. The five basic apartment types, excluding the one three-bedroom apartment, consist of one-bedroom apartments with eat-in kitchens; one-bedroom apartments with separate dining rooms; L-shaped one-bedroom apartments; two-bedroom apartments; and duplex apartments. Despite minor renovations, the interior configurations of the apartments have remained intact.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the first garden-apartment complexes constructed in the county as a result of the population increase of the Washington metropolitan area during World War II. Hilltop Manor was financed under Section 608 Title VI of the National Housing Act, the primary vehicle for World War II Defense Housing and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) financing. Thus, Hilltop Manor, intended as permanent housing, illustrates the size, scale, and design of garden-apartment complexes constructed during World War II, which was often characterized by temporary housing developments. Hilltop Manor, surrounded by the established streetcar suburb of Defense Heights and adjacent to the new Bladensburg Elementary School, was an alternative to the single-family dwellings in the area and was ideal for young middle-class families. Its location along Defense Highway, which opened in 1927, heightened convenience to Washington, D.C. It is one of the first garden-apartment complexes designed by accomplished local architects Ross & Walton.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Fenualoa is the second largest island in the Reef Islands, administratively located in the Solomon Islands province of Temotu. At low tide, Fenualoa is connected to the neighboring island of Nifiloli to the north. The west side of the island is mainly sandy beaches facing the huge lagoon and the Great Reef. The east side is steep rocky cliffs with the deep Forest Passage separating Fenualoa from the largest island of the group Lomlom. The island is very densely populated with four main villages, each made up of sub-villages and total approximately 1500 inhabitants , all on the west side of the 8 km by 600m long and thin island. The largest villages are Tuo , Maluba, Tanga and Malapu . There are three schools on the island and the people are Melanesian. A few yachts  visit the island by entering the huge lagoon through the Great Reef . There is no scheduled transport to the island.</p><br>
<p>Mageiras  is a mountain village in the municipal unit of Sympoliteia, Achaea, Greece. It is located in the eastern foothills of the Panachaiko, 2 km south of Arravonitsa, 8 km southwest of Rododafni and 10 km west of Aigio. In 2011, it had a population of 55.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mageiras was founded between 1750 and 1770 by residents of the large village Tsetsevos which suffered from landslides at the time. Landslides also hit Mageiras in the 1930s. Mageiras was part of the municipality of Erineos from 1845 until 1912, of the community of Myrovrysi until 1919 and of the community of Aragozena until 1924. Mageiras was an independent community until 1977, when it became a part of the newly formed municipality of Sympoliteia.</p><br>
<p>The Quintin Blair House in Cody, Wyoming was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1952-53. The house is an example of Wright&#39;s "natural house" theme, emphasizing close integration of house and landscape. It is the only Wright building in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Ruth Taggart Blair was a student at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts during the 1930s. Her professor, Bruce Goff, took the class to visit Taliesin at Spring Green, Wisconsin, where they met Wright. In 1951 Ruth and Quintin Blair were visiting Arizona, when Ruth suggested that they visit Taliesin West in Arizona, where Wright now lived and worked. They were met by Wright in the driveway, introduced themselves, and were invited to stay for lunch. At the luncheon, Wright expressed a desire to design a house for them, as he had no buildings in Wyoming. At Wright&#39;s suggestion, the Blairs bought some land away from town, as Wright did not want to design for a city lot. The house was completed in 1953.</p><br>
<p>The house is laid out on a 4 ft by 4 ft grid. The house is dominated by a low, nearly flat roof that flares dramatically over the living room, where three sides of the room are floor-to-ceiling glass. The windows have mitered corners, eliminating a support and giving the impression that the glass itself incorporates a right-angle bend. A small triangular bay projects from the glass wall as a piano niche, a common Wright element. Exterior wall materials are primarily locally quarried ashlar sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The site is a 40 acre parcel near a small creek about 15 ft below the house. Springs near the house have been dammed by a wall aligned with the piano bay&#39;s angled wall, forming a small pond. The house has been modified and somewhat enlarged, with consultation from Taliesin.</p><br>
<p>The Blair House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Snowy Range Lodge, formerly known as the Libby Lodge, is located in the Snowy Range of Medicine Bow National Forest in Wyoming. The three-story log lodge was built in 1925 as the Libby Lodge. From 1925 to the mid-1970s, the Lodge served as a classic mountain lodge, sleeping up to 75 people in the main lodge and in ten cabins on 40 acres leased from the US Forest Service. In the mid-1970s, it fell into a state of abandonment, neglect, and disrepair such that the Forest Service planned to burn and bulldoze it as it presented a liability risk to National Forest users who might venture inside.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge was purchased and rehabilitated by a local family and currently serves as a private residence, and private hire for events (not accommodation).</p><br>
<p>Great Oyster Bay is a broad and sheltered bay on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia which opens onto the Tasman Sea. The Tasman Highway runs close to the West Coast of the bay with views of the granite peaks of the Hazards and Schouten Island of the Freycinet Peninsula which are incorporated in the Freycinet National Park.</p><br>
<p>Towns on the bay include Swansea and Coles Bay.</p><br>
<p>At the north of the bay the floodplains of the Aspley and Swan rivers has created Moulting Lagoon, an important Ramsar-listed wetland, much of which lies in the Moulting Lagoon Game Reserve. Nearby is the Friendly Beaches Reserve owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to European settlement the area was occupied by Tasmanian Aborigines. From autumn through winter various bands of the Oyster Bay Tribe congregated around the coastal areas to harvest shellfish and marine vegetables until the end of July, when swans and ducks arrived in the lagoons and riverine areas to lay their eggs and raise their young. In August most of the bands moved up the Little Swanport and Prosser Rivers to the Eastern Marshes to hunt birds, kangaroos and wallabies. The Linetemairrener people lived at the lagoon year round.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Activities include sea kayaking in the sheltered waters on the east side of the bay from Coles Bay exploring the small and isolated beaches on the Freycinet Peninsula. Recreational fishing is also an activity in the bay with flathead, Australian salmon, trevally, trumpeter and squid sometimes caught. Dolphins and Australian fur seals can sometimes be seen and whales often visit the bay in winter.</p><br>
<p>Aquaculture has been practiced in the area since the early 1970s. Species cultivated commercially include Pacific oysters, native oysters, mussels, scallops, abalone and sea urchins in the Great Oyster Bay and Mercury Passage. An initial marine farming lease set up in 1978 in Pelican Bay, with additional leases granted for shellfish culture since then in the northern section of Great Oyster Bay and the Swan River.</p><br>
<h2>Infestations</h2><br>
<p>Infestations of rice grass has been reported by oyster farmers from Little Swanport in 2008 with action being taken to eliminate this ecological threat in the area.</p><br>
<p>Access to most of the Friendly Beaches Reserve is restricted due to the threat of contamination by the soil pathogen cinnamon fungus.</p><br>
<p>Bushrod Island is an island near Monrovia, Liberia surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Saint Paul River, the Mesurado River and Stockton Creek . It contains the Freeport of Monrovia, the major national port of Liberia and a variety of businesses. It also contains numerous residential areas and government buildings. There are three towns on the island, New Kru Town, Logan Town and Clara Town.</p><br>
<p>Its proximity to the capital and industrial base make it an important commercial area for the country. End Point is a geographical feature on north end of Bushrod Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mostly a low-lying mangrove swamp, Bushrod Island was occupied by the Dei people from the 16th century until the early 19th century. Gawulun was the chief town of the Dei on the island, and served as the capital of the Dei when "King Peter" was selected as the chief spokesman for his fellow Dei chiefs in 1819.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1820s the community of New Georgia was established on Bushrod Island by people who had been freed from a slave ship in 1820, and kept in Georgia in the United States until 1827. New Georgia is now located on the mainland directly to the east of Bushrod Island.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after Bushrod Washington. a nephew of George Washington and first president of the American Colonization Society (ACS). The ACS, which was active during the first part of the 19th century, advocated the emigration to Africa of free and enslaved African Americans.</p><br>
<p>In 1878 a community of Vai people (called "Vai Town" by Williams) was located on Bushrod Island across the Mesurado River from Monrovia, while a few miles up the river on the island the community of New Georgia had about 500 residents.</p><br>
<p>Tirley Garth is a large country house some 2.5 mi to the north of Tarporley, Cheshire, England. The house together with its entrance courtyard walls are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building of the house began in 1907 for Bryan Leesmith, a director of the chemical firm of Brunner Mond, the architect being C. E. Mallows. Before it was completed, Leesmith had to sell the house and its ownership passed to Brunner Mond. It was then leased to Richard Henry Prestwich, who was a director of Burberry’s. Prestwich’s daughter, Irene, continued to rent the property after her father’s death in 1940. Irene was a member of the campaign for Moral Re-Armament (MRA) and in 1940 she invited the organisation to move here to shelter from the war. In November 1940 36 incendiary bombs fell in the garden and one on the house. During the war the gardens were used for growing produce which was taken to the local markets. After the war Irene bought the house and grounds from Imperial Chemical Industries, the successors of Brunner Mond, and presented it to MRA, establishing the Tirley Garth Trust in order to preserve it. Irene Prestwich died in 1974. In 2002, as the house and grounds were surplus to the requirements of MRA, they were sold to Mersey Television.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Tirley Garth is built in pebble-dashed brick with buff sandstone dressings, a York stone-slate roof and tall pebble-dashed chimneys. It is designed in the Art and Crafts style. The word “garth” in its name derives from the house being built around an internal courtyard. On all sides of the courtyard are stone cloisters with three arches on each side and in its centre is a sunken circular pool reached by curved steps. The living quarters are on the south, west and east sides. The south front, with views towards the Beeston and Peckforton Hills, is the main front. It is symmetrical with five bays, all of which are gabled. The central bay has a large semicircular projection in two storeys with an eleven-light mullioned and transomed window behind which is the great hall. Above this is a five-light window. The end bays have canted two-storey projections with four-light windows above them. The west front is the entrance front. It has eight bays, is mainly in two storeys, and has a three-storey tower to the right. Internally there are many architectural details with some fine wood-carving, and tiles which are unique to the house.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens and associated structures</h2><br>
<p>The gardens were also designed by Mallows who believed that in order to create a unity of design, they should be designed by the architect to create a whole with the house.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the house is a turning circle and to the south are formal terraced gardens which lead to a sunken garden. Beyond this the land slopes down to a valley containing many rhododendrons. To the east of the house terraces lead to two enclosed lawns and a small octagonal garden containing a fountain. Beyond these is a rose garden consisting of seven semicircular terraces of grass and rose beds. From the north of these a path leads to the Round Acre, a circular area initially intended for the kitchen garden, now planted with flowering cherry trees. The gardens are open to visitors on one or two days each year by arrangement through the National Gardens Scheme.</p><br>
<p>Structures around the house and in the garden are listed at Grade II. These are the eastern entrance of southern gateway to the house which consists of gatepiers and a stile in bossed red sandstone which were designed about 1910 by Mallows; the south terrace with its complex of walls which were designed about 1912 by Mawson; and the walls and steps of the east terrace and associated formal gardens which were also designed around the same time by Mawson.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District, also known as Merchant&#39;s Row, is a mixed-use retail, commercial, and residential district in downtown Detroit, Michigan, located between Campus Martius Park and Grand Circus Park Historic District at 1201 through 1449 Woodward Avenue  and 1400 through 1456 Woodward Avenue . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District contains thirty-four commercial buildings built at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, many by noted architects. By the 1920s, this area of the city was one of the most active shopping districts in the nation; in 1925, the State and Woodward interseation was the most active pedestrian crossing corner in the USA</p><br>
<p>Many famous and historic Detroit businesses either began or had flagship stores in or near the district, including Vernors, Sanders Confectionery, Winkelmans, S.S. Kresge Co., F. W. Woolworth Company, and Hudsons. New retail has emerged in the district. In 2011, the Forbes Company which owns the upscale Somerset Collection mall in the suburb of Troy debuted a group of seasonal pop-up mini-shops called Somerset Collection CityLoft on Merchants Row as part of Downtown Detroit Days, generally open the last Thursday through Saturday of the month from June through August, and occasionally September. Michigan-based outdoor outfitter Moosejaw has opened a Detroit location along Merchants Row at 1275 Woodward Avenue. The Elliott Building located at 1403 Woodward Ave. began re-development in July 2016 and is expected to complete in early 2017.</p><br>
<h3>Elliott Building</h3><br>
<p>Architect: Wilson Brothers & Company of Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>Original address: 207-211 Woodward Ave.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Lower Woodward Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott Building The S.S. Kresge Company, the forerunner of the K-Mart Corporation, opened its first store in this building in 1899.</p><br>
<p>• The building rises to a height of 96 feet to the top of the parapet above the main roof deck. The main roof deck is actually uneven, and varies in height.</p><br>
<p>• The building was constructed in 1894 for William Elliott, a local entrepreneur.</p><br>
<p>was added to the northwest corner of Grand River Ave and Woodward Avenue. (Barns Block) in 1894 at the cost of about $80,000. The 6-story building, designed with distinctive red brick and red terra cotta is located on the site of the home of Detroit’s first Mayor, General John R. Williams. John R. Street was named in his honor. Where once a white picket fence surrounded the mayor’s home, the Elliott Building was constructed to house the mercantile business run by William H. Elliott. The building served as the locale of The William H. Elliott Dry Goods Store which provided carpets, draperies, and children’s clothing until 1909.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, William H. Elliott Company consolidated with the Taylor-Woolfenden Company under the name of Elliott-Taylor-Woolfenden Company and operated in the building until a new building was erected on the southwest corner of Woodward Ave. and Henry St. in May 1911.</p><br>
<p>S. S. Kresge Corporation’s operated in the Elliott Building starting in the late teens as a “25 cent to $1” green front store. This Kresge location carried higher-priced merchandise compared to the nearby Kresge Store #1 (a 5 and 10 cent store at 1201 Woodward Ave.). In 1939 after a modernization, the store changed to a “5 cent to $1” store. In 1951, a “root beer department” was installed.</p><br>
<p>The S.S. Kresge Co.’s located in the Elliott Building closed December 31, 1959 after an inability to negotiate a new lease.</p><br>
<p>In 1961-1969 a portion of the basement was used as a gym/health center. Butler’s Shoes was located in the northern storefront in the late 1970s. Later in the ‘70’s, a women’s clothing chain House of Nine occupied the 2nd floor. The last tenant in the building was Eastern Wigs and Beauty Supply who occupied the first floor until September 1997.</p><br>
<p>Today ownership belongs to Elliott Building, LLC.</p><br>
<p>The building began re-development in July 2016 and was expected to complete in early 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott Building will contain twenty-three one and two bedroom apartments ranging from approximately 700 square feet to nearly 2,000 square feet. The six apartments that are at the rear of the building will have balconies. The four apartments that occupy the 6th floor will be 2-story. Approximately 16,000 square-feet of retail space will occupy the first floor, basement and sub-basement.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Most of the structures in the district are of steel frame construction with a front windowed facade finished with brownstone, white brick, white Terra Cotta, or red brick. They all stand wall-to-wall, filling the lot lines and fronting directly on the sidewalk. Most were originally designed to house retail on the first floor and offices on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>Andautonia was a Roman settlement located on the southern bank of the river Sava, located in the modern-day village of Šćitarjevo, southeast of the city of Zagreb, Croatia.</p><br>
<p>Andautonia was located in the Roman province of Pannonia, on the Roman road connecting Poetovia (modern Ptuj) and Siscia (Sisak). The name Andautonia was mentioned by the ancient geographer Ptolemaeus, while the name Dautonia was mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary. The road connected Andautonia with Poetovium via Pyrri and Aquaviva to the north, and Siscia to the south. The settlement existed between the 1st and the 4th century, after which it is believed to have been destroyed during the Great Migration in Europe.</p><br>
<p>In the modern age, its name was first discovered written on a stone tablet recovered in Stenjevec in 1758 and then another one in Šćitarjevo in 1768. During the 19th century, Roman stone and brick material that could still be found in these areas was by and large removed and reused in the construction of new buildings, thereby removing the surface traces of Andautonias location. The settlements location was disputed at the time, with various claims made by cartographers and historians including Latius, Lapie, Reichard, d&#39;Anville, Krčelić, Blašković, Katančić and Kukuljević. It was finally properly deduced by Theodor Mommsen and published in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum in 1873. The Zagreb Archaeological Museum subsequently started its first excavations in Šćitarjevo and found numerous Roman artifacts at the depth of about 1 m.</p><br>
<p>The Museum staff returned to the site for a series of explorations between 1969 and 1980, and since 1981 they also analyzed the garden of the parish office in the center of the village. They recovered traces of streets, the sewer system, various buildings, city walls and a necropolis. In 1994, an archeological park was first built in the village center.</p><br>
<p>The name Andautonia is supposed to come from Proto-Indo-European roots *h2en (near), *dheh2 (to flow), *ont (present participle) and *om (accusative singular), so that it means "near that which flows".</p><br>
<p>The Vee Bar Ranch Lodge was built in 1891 as the home of Lionel C.G. Sartoris, a prominent Wyoming rancher. The ranch was later owned by Luther Filmore, a Union Pacific Railroad official, and the Wright family, who operated the ranch as a dude ranch. The property comprises five historic buildings including the lodge, original corral and a stock chute.</p><br>
<p>Sartoris bought the Vee Bar lands from homesteader Theodore Brubaker in 1890. Sartoris was English in origin, and a partner in the Douglas William Sartoris Cattle Company, which in 1885 was worth an estimated $2 million. By 1892 the company had failed. Sartoris departed for South America and the ranch was taken over by Susan J. Fillmore, who from 1903 leased it to Gordon and Myra Wright. In 1911 the Wrights bought the ranch, adding a second floor to the lodge. Dude ranching began in 1912 to supplement income.</p><br>
<p>The ranch is situated in a bend of the Little Laramie River with five contributing buildings and supporting ranch structures. The original log lodge was built by the Fillmores in 1901 and expanded in 1911. A modern addition dates to 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Vee Bar was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
